TENTH EDITION ATLS® Advanced Trauma Life Support® Student Course Manual New to this edition
ATLS® Advanced Trauma Life Support® Student Course Manual
Chair of Committee on Trauma: Ronald M. Stewart, MD, FACS Medical Director of Trauma Program: Michael F. Rotondo, MD, FACS ATLS Committee Chair: Sharon M. Henry, MD, FACS ATLS Program Manager: Monique Drago, MA, EdD Executive Editor: Claire Merrick Project Manager: Danielle S. Haskin Development Editor: Nancy Peterson Media Services: Steve Kidd and Alex Menendez, Delve Productions Designer: Rainer Flor Production Services: Joy Garcia Artist: Dragonfly Media Group Tenth Edition Copyright© 2018 American College of Surgeons 633 N. Saint Clair Street Chicago, IL 60611-3211 Previous editions copyrighted 1980, 1982, 1984, 1993, 1997, 2004, 2008, and 2012 by the American College of Surgeons. Copyright enforceable internationally under the Bern Convention and the Uniform Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. This manual is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the American College of Surgeons. The American College of Surgeons, its Committee on Trauma, and contributing authors have taken care that the doses of drugs and recommendations for treatment contained herein are correct and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. However, as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers and participants of this course are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed practitioner to be informed in all aspects of patient care and determine the best treatment for each individual patient. Note that cervical collars and spinal immobilization remain the current Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) standard in transporting patients with spine injury. If the collars and immobilization devices are to be removed in controlled hospital environments, this should be accomplished when the stability of the injury is assured. Cervical collars and immobilization devices have been removed in some of the photos and videos to provide clarity for specific skill demonstrations. The American College of Surgeons, its Committee on Trauma, and contributing authors disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the content of this 10th edition of the ATLS Program. Advanced Trauma Life Support® and the acronym ATLS® are marks of the American College of Surgeons. Printed in the United States of America. Advanced Trauma Life Support® Student Course Manual Library of Congress Control Number: 2017907997 ISBN 78-0-9968262-3-5
DEDICATION We dedicate the Tenth Edition of ATLS to the memory of Dr. Norman E. McSwain Jr. His dynamic, positive, warm, friendly, and uplifting approach to getting things done through his life’s work is a constant inspiration to those whose lives he touched. His tenure with the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (COT) spanned almost exactly the same 40 years of the ATLS course. Dr. McSwain’s time with the COT led him down a path where, without a doubt, he became the most important surgical advocate for prehospital patient care. He first worked to develop, and then led and championed, the Prehospital Trauma Life Support Course (PHTLS) as a vital and integral complement to ATLS. Combined, these two courses have taught more than 2 million students across the globe. Dr. McSwain received every honor the COT could bestow, and as a last tribute, we are pleased to dedicate this edition of ATLS to his memory. The creators of this Tenth Edition have diligently worked to answer Dr. McSwain’s most common greeting: “What have you done for the good of mankind today?” by providing you with the Advanced Trauma Life Support Course, 10th Edition, along with our fervent hope that you will continue to use it to do good for all humankind. Thank you, Dr. McSwain. Sharon Henry, MD Karen Brasel, MD Ronald M. Stewart, MD, FACS
FOREWORD My first exposure to Advanced Trauma Life Support® The year 1976 was key for improving the care of the (ATLS®) was in San Diego in 1980 while I was a resident. injured patient. In that year, orthopedic surgeon Dr. The instructor course was conducted by Paul E. “Skip” James Styner and his family were tragically involved Collicott, MD, FACS, and fellow students included a in a plane crash in a Nebraska cornfield. The largely young surgeon in San Diego, A. Brent Eastman, MD, unprepared medical response by those caring for Dr. FACS, and one from San Francisco, Donald D. Trunkey, Styner and his family subsequently compelled him to MD, FACS. Over the next year or two, we trained everyone action. Dr. Styner joined forces with his colleague, Dr. in San Diego, and that work became the language and Paul “Skip” Collicott MD, FACS, and began a course glue for the San Diego Trauma System. The experience entitled Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). Today was enlightening, inspiring, and deeply personal. In this initially small course has become a global movement. a weekend, I was educated and had my confidence ATLS was quickly adopted and aggressively promulgated established: I was adept and skilled in something that by the Committee on Trauma. The first course was held in had previously been a cause of anxiety and confusion. 1980, and since that time ATLS has been diligently refined For the first time, I had been introduced to an “organized and improved year after year, decade after decade. More course,” standards for quality, validated education and than a million students have been taught in more than skills training, and verification of these skills. It was a 75 countries. From Nebraska to Haiti, more than 60% of life-transforming experience, and I chose a career in ATLS courses are now taught outside North America. trauma in part as a result. During that weekend, I also was introduced to the American College of Surgeons—at It was also in 1976 that Don Trunkey, MD, FACS and the its very best. Committee on Trauma (COT) published Optimal Hospital Resources for Care of the Injured, the first document The Tenth Edition of ATLS continues a tradition of aimed at defining and developing trauma centers and innovation. It takes advantage of electronic delivery trauma systems. This document led directly to the COT’s and by offering two forms of courses (traditional and Verification Review and Consultation (VRC) program electronic) to increase the reach and effectiveness of and its 450 verified trauma centers across the United this landmark course. Just about to celebrate its 40th States. These two programs have transformed the care of anniversary and currently used in over 60 countries, injured patients across the globe, resulting in hundreds the ATLS program and its delivery through the Tenth of thousands of lives saved. In an interesting twist, ATLS Edition will continue to foster safe trauma practices for was intended as an educational program, and the VRC the world at large. was intended to be a set of standards. But in real ways, ATLS standardized the care of trauma patients, and Under the leadership of Sharon Henry, MD, FACS, the the VRC educated the trauma community on how to ATLS Committee Chair, and Monique Drago, MA, EdD, provide optimal care for trauma patients. the Trauma Education Program Manager, along with excellent college staff, we have been able to evolve the Thus 1976 heralded radical and positive change in program, building on the foundation laid in the Ninth the care of trauma patients. The Tenth Edition of ATLS Edition by Karen Brasel, MD, FACS, and Will Chapleau, is the most innovative and creative update since the EMT-P, RN, TNS. The Tenth Edition of the ATLS program inception of the ATLS course. I believe this edition is a takes the finest achievements of the American College of fitting testament to the memory of those pioneers who, Surgeons and its Fellows to the next level, and ultimately in their mind’s eye, could see a path to a better future patient care is the greatest beneficiary. for the care of the injured. I congratulate the modern David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS pioneers of this Tenth Edition. The development of this Executive Director edition was led by a team with a similar commitment, American College of Surgeons zeal, and passion to improve. My hope is that all those Chicago, Illinois taking and teaching ATLS will boldly continue this United States search to improve the care of the injured. In so doing, we may appropriately honor those pioneers of 1976. Ronald M. Stewart, MD, FACS Chair of the ACS Committee on Trauma v
PREFACE role of the american in available knowledge and incorporate newer college of surgeons and perhaps even safer skills. ATLS Committees in committee on trauma other countries and regions where the program has been introduced have participated in the revision The American College of Surgeons (ACS) was founded process, and the ATLS Committee appreciates their to improve the care of surgical patients, and it has outstanding contributions. long been a leader in establishing and maintaining the high quality of surgical practice in North America. new to this edition In accordance with that role, the ACS Committee on Trauma (COT) has worked to establish guidelines for This Tenth Edition of the Advanced Trauma Life the care of injured patients. Support Student Course Manual reflects several changes designed to enhance the educational content and its Accordingly, the COT sponsors and contributes to visual presentation. continued development of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program. The ATLS Student content updates Course does not present new concepts in the field of trauma care; rather, it teaches established treatment All chapters were rewritten and revised to ensure clear methods. A systematic, concise approach to the coverage of the most up-to-date scientific content, which early care of trauma patients is the hallmark of the is also represented in updated references. New to this ATLS Program. edition are: This Tenth Edition was developed for the ACS by • Completely revised skills stations based on members of the ATLS Committee and the ACS COT, unfolding scenarios other individual Fellows of the College, members of the international ATLS community, and nonsurgical • Emphasis on the trauma team, including a new consultants to the Committee who were selected for their Teamwork section at the end of each chapter special competence in trauma care and their expertise in and a new appendix focusing on Team Resource medical education. (The Preface and Acknowledgments Management in ATLS sections of this book contain the names and affiliations of these individuals.) The COT believes that the people • Expanded Pitfalls features in each chapter to who are responsible for caring for injured patients will identify correlating preventive measures meant find the information extremely valuable. The principles to avoid the pitfalls of patient care presented in this manual may also be beneficial to people engaged in the care of patients with • Additional skills in local hemorrhage control, nontrauma-related diseases. including wound packing and tourniquet application Injured patients present a wide range of complex problems. The ATLS Student Course is a concise approach • Addition of the new Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to assessing and managing multiply injured patients. • An update of terminology regarding spinal The course supplies providers with comprehensive knowledge and techniques that are easily adapted to fit immobilization to emphasize restriction of their needs. Students using this manual will learn one spinal motion safe way to perform each technique. The ACS recognizes • Many new photographs and medical that there are other acceptable approaches. However, illustrations, as well as updated management the knowledge and skills taught in the course are easily algorithms, throughout the manual adapted to all venues for the care of these patients. The ATLS Program is revised by the ATLS Committee approximately every four years to respond to changes vii
viii PREFACE myatls mobile application must be accompanied by the common law symbol of trademark ownership. The course continues to make use of the MyATLS mobile application american college of with both Universal iOS and Android surgeons committee compatibility. The app is full of useful on trauma reference content for retrieval at the hospital bedside and for review at your leisure. Content includes: • Interactive visuals, such as treatment Ronald M. Stewart, MD, FACS algorithms and x-ray identification Committee on Trauma, Chair Chair of the American College of Surgeons Committee on • Just in Time video segments capturing key skills Trauma Witten B. Russ Professor and Chair of the Department of • Calculators, such as pediatric burn calculator to Surgery determine fluid administration UT Health San Antonio San Antonio, Texas • Animations, such as airway management and United States surgical cricothyroidotomy Students, instructors, coordinators, and educators Michael F. Rotondo, MD, FACS are encouraged to access and regularly use this Trauma Program, Medical Director important tool. CEO, University of Rochester Medical Faculty Group Vice Dean of Clinical Affairs–School of Medicine skills video Professor of Surgery–Division of Acute Care Surgery Vice President of Administration–Strong Memorial Hospital As part of the course, video is provided via the MyATLS. President-Elect–American Association for the Surgery of com website to show critical skills that providers should Trauma be familiar with before taking the course. Skill Stations University of Rochester Medical Center during the course will allow providers the opportunity Rochester, New York to fine-tune skill performance in preparation for the United States practical assessment. A review of the demonstrated skills before participating in the skills stations will committee on advanced enhance the learner’s experience. trauma life support of the american college editorial notes of surgeons committee on trauma The ACS Committee on Trauma is referred to as the ACS COT or the Committee, and the State/Provincial Chair(s) Sharon M. Henry, MD, FACS is referred to as S/P Chair(s). ATLS Committee Chair Anne Scalea Professor of Surgery The international nature of this edition of the ATLS University of Maryland School of Medicine Student Manual may necessitate changes in the University of Maryland Medical Center RA commonly used terms to facilitate understanding by Cowley Shock Trauma Center all students and teachers of the program. Baltimore, Maryland United States Advanced Trauma Life Support® and ATLS® are Saud A. Al Turki, MD, FACS proprietary trademarks and service marks owned by Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz the American College of Surgeons and cannot be used by Medical City individuals or entities outside the ACS COT organization King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences for their goods and services without ACS approval. Accordingly, any reproduction of either or both marks in direct conjunction with the ACS ATLS Program within the ACS Committee on Trauma organization
ix PREFACE Riyadh Martin S. Keller, MD, FACS, FAAP Saudi Arabia Associate Professor of Surgery Col. (Ret.) Mark W. Bowyer, MD, FACS St. Louis Children’s Hospital Ben Eiseman Professor of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Chief, Trauma and Combat Surgery St. Louis, Missouri Surgical Director of Simulation, Department of Surgery United States The Uniformed Services University Gilberto K. K. Leung, MBBS, FRCS, PhD Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Clinical Associate Professor Bethesda, Maryland The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary University United States Pok Fu Lam Kimberly A. Davis MD, MBA, FACS, FCCM Hong Kong Professor of Surgery, Trauma R. Todd Maxson, MD, FACS Vice Chairman for Clinical Affairs Professor of Surgery Yale School of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Chief of General Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Trauma Medical Director Care Arkansas Children’s Hospital Trauma Medical Director Little Rock, Arkansas Yale New Haven Hospital United States New Haven, Connecticut Daniel B. Michael, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS United States Director of Neurosurgical Education Julie A. Dunn, MD, MS, FACS William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak Medical Director, Trauma Research and Education Professor of Neurosurgery UC Health Northern Colorado Oakland University William Beaumont School of Loveland, Colorado Medicine United States Royal Oak, Michigan Peter F. Ehrlich, MD, FACS United States Professor Director, Michigan Head and Spine Institute C S Mott Children’s Hospital Southfield, Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan United States United States Neil G. Parry, MD, FACS, FRCSC James R. Ficke, MD, FACS Medical Director, Trauma Program Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery and Critical Care Johns Hopkins Hospital London Health Sciences Center Baltimore, Maryland Schulich School of Medicine, Western University United States London, Ontario Canada Glen A. Franklin, MD FACS Bruce Potenza, MD, FACS Professor Critical Care Surgeon, Trauma University of Louisville School of Medicine UCSD Medical Center Louisville, Kentucky San Diego, California United States United States Maria Fernanda Jimenez, MD, FACS Martin A. Schreiber MD, FACS General Surgeon Professor and Chief, Division of Trauma, Critical Care & Hospital Universitario MEDERI Acute Surgery Bogotá, Distrito Capital Oregon Health & Science University Colombia Portland, Oregon United States
x PREFACE Gary A. Vercruysse, MD, FACS Lewis E. Jacobson, MD, FACS Director of Burn Services Chair, Department of Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Burns, Director, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital University of Arizona School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Tucson, Arizona United States United States Newton Djin Mori, MD, PhD, FACS Robert J. Winchell, MD, FACS General and Trauma Surgeon Chief, Division of Trauma, Burn, Acute and Critical Care Hospital das Clinicas–University of São Paulo Director of the Trauma Center São Paulo, São Paulo Weill Cornell Medicine Brazil New York–Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center John P. Sutyak, EdM, MD, FACS New York, New York Director, Southern Illinois Trauma Center United States Associate Professor of Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine associate members to the Springfield, Illinois committee on advanced United States trauma life support of the american college liaisons to the of surgeons committee committee on advanced on trauma trauma life support of the american college Mary-Margaret Brandt, MD, MHSA, FACS of surgeons committee Trauma Director on trauma St. Joseph Mercy Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan Michael Murray, MD United States General Surgery Megan L. Brenner, MD FACS Banner Churchill Community Hospital Assistant Professor of Surgery Sparks, Nevada University of Maryland Medical Center United States Baltimore, Maryland Clark West, MD FACR United States Co-Course Director Frederic J. Cole, Jr., MD, FACS The University of Texas Health Science Associate Medical Director, Trauma Clinic and Patient Houston Medical School Outcomes Houston, Texas Legacy Emanuel Medical Center United States Portland, Oregon United States Oscar D. Guillamondegui, MD, MPH, FACS Professor of Surgery Trauma Medical Director Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee United States
xi PREFACE international liaison american college of to the committee on emergency physicians advanced trauma life liaisons to the committee support of the american on advanced trauma life college of surgeons support of the american committee on trauma college of surgeons committee on trauma Karen J. Brasel, MD, FACS Professor and Program Director Christopher Cribari, MD Oregon Health and Science University Medical Director, Acute Care Surgery, Medical Center of Portland, Oregon the Rockies, University of Colorado Health United States Loveland, CO United States american society of Christopher S. Kang, MD, FACEP anesthesiologists liaison Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine, Madigan Army to the committee on Medicine Center advanced trauma life Tacoma, Washington support of the american United States college of surgeons committee on trauma advanced trauma life support senior educator Richard P. Dutton, MD, MBA advisory board Michael Murray, MD General Surgery Debbie Paltridge, MHlthSc (ED) Banner Churchill Community Hospital Senior Educator Advisory Board, Chair Sparks, Nevada Principal Educator United States Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Melbourne, Victoria advanced trauma care Australia for nurses liaison to the Joe Acker, EMT-P, MPH (Term completed April 2017) committee on advanced Executive Director, Birmingham Regional EMS System trauma life support of University of Alabama at Birmingham the american college of Birmingham, Alabama surgeons committee on United States trauma Wesam Abuznadah, MD, MEd, FRCS(C ), FACS, RPVI Assistant Professor, Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Jan Howard, MSN, RN, Chair, ATCN Committee Surgery South Bend, Indiana Associate Dean, Academic and Student Affairs, College United States of Medicine King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Jeddah Saudi Arabia
xii PREFACE Jacqueline Bustraan, MSc advanced trauma life Educational Advisor, Trainer and Researcher support coordinator Leiden University Medical Center/BOAT (Bustraan committee Organisation, Advice and Training) Leiden Lesley Dunstall, RN The Netherlands ATLS Coordinator Committee, Chair Marzellus Hofmann, MD, MME National Coordinator, EMST/ATLS Australasia Dean of Medical Education and Student Affairs Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health North Adelaide, South Australia Witten, NRW Australia Germany Catherine Wilson, MSN, ACNP-BC, CEN Elizabeth Vallejo de Solezio ATLS Coordinator Committee, Vice Chair National Education, COT Ecuador Trauma Outreach Coordinator Quito Vanderbilt University Medical Center Ecuador Nashville, Tennessee Claus Dieter Stobaus, ME, ED United States Postgraduate Program in Education Mary Asselstine, RN Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Toronto, Ontario Brazil Canada John P. Sutyak, EdM, MD, FACS Ryan Bales, RN Director, Southern Illinois Trauma Center ATLS Coordinator Associate Professor of Surgery CNIII Trauma Program Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Sacramento, California Springfield, Illinois United States United States Vilma Cabading Prof. Heba Youssef Mohamed Sayed, MD Trauma Courses Office, Deanship of Postgraduate Education Professor and Head of Forensic Medicine and Clinical King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Toxicology Department Riyadh Port Said University Saudi Arabia Port Said, Egypt Sally Campbell, RN, BA Arab Republic of Egypt ATLS Course Coordinator Kum Ying Tham, MBBS, FRCSE, EDD Kaiser Medical Center, Vacaville, California Senior Consultant David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, Tan Tock Seng Hospital California Singapore United States Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, RN, MSN, PhD Professor Faculdade das Américas (FAM) São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil Agienszka Gizzi Regional and International Programmes Coordinator The Royal College of Surgeons of England London United Kingdom
xiii PREFACE Betty Jean Hancock, MD, FRCSC, FACS Associate Professor, Pediatric Surgery and Critical Care University of Manitoba Children's Hospital of Winnipeg/Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Sherri Marley, BSN, RN, CEN, TCRN Clinical Educator for Trauma Services Eskenazi Health Indianapolis, Indiana United States Martha Romero ATLS Coordinator AMDA-Bolivia Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is clear that many people are responsible for Marlena Libman development of the Tenth Edition, but the outstanding Trauma Education Program Coordinator staff in the ATLS Program Office deserves special The American College of Surgeons mention. Their dedication and hard work not only Chicago, Illinois produced the new edition while ensuring that each United States one is better than the last but also facilitates its use in Freddie Scruggs hundreds of courses around the world each year. Trauma Education Program Coordinator Monique Drago, MA, EdD The American College of Surgeons Trauma Education Programs Manager Chicago, Illinois The American College of Surgeons United States Chicago, Illinois Germaine Suiza United States Program Coordinator, Trauma Education Programs (LMS) Ryan Hieronymus, MBA, PMP The American College of Surgeons Trauma Education Projects Manager Chicago, Illinois The American College of Surgeons United States Chicago, Illinois United States Pascale Leblanc contributors Trauma Education Projects Manager The American College of Surgeons While developing this revision, we received a great deal Chicago, Illinois of assistance from many individuals—whether they United States were reviewing information at meetings, submitting Kathryn Strong images, or evaluating research. ATLS thanks the Program Manager, Trauma Education Programs (LMS) following contributors for their time and effort in The American College of Surgeons development of the Tenth Edition. Chicago, Illinois Wesam Abuznadah, MD, MEd, FRCS(C), FACS, RPVI United States Assistant Professor, Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Autumn Zarlengo Surgery; Associate Dean, Academic and Student Affairs, Program Manager, Trauma Education Programs (CME/CE) College of Medicine The American College of Surgeons King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Chicago, Illinois Jeddah United States Saudi Arabia Joe Acker, EMT-P, MPH Emily Ladislas Executive Director, Birmingham Regional EMS System Program Coordinator, Trauma Education Programs (CME/CE) University of Alabama at Birmingham The American College of Surgeons Birmingham, Alabama Chicago, Illinois United States United States xv
xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Suresh Agarwal, MD, FACS Ryan Bales, RN Professor of Surgery ATLS Coordinator University of Wisconsin CNIII Trauma Program Madison, Wisconsin Sacramento, California United States United States Jameel Ali, MD, MMedEd, FRCSC, FACS Raphael Bonvin, MD, MME Professor of Surgery Head of Educational Unit University of Toronto Faculty of Biology and Medicine Toronto, Ontario Lausanne Canada Switzerland Hayley Allan, BA(hons), Dip Ed, MEd, MRes Bertil Bouillon, MD National Educator, ATLS UK Professor and Chairman Department of Trauma and The Royal College of Surgeons of England Orthopaedic Surgery London University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim England Medical Center Saud Al Turki, MD, FACS Cologne Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Germany Medical City Mark W. Bowyer, MD, FACS King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences ATLS Board Member Germany Col. (Ret.) Riyadh Ben Eiseman Professor of Surgery; Chief, Trauma and Combat Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Surgery; Surgical Director of Simulation Department of Mary Asselstine, RN Surgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre The Uniformed Services University; Walter Reed Toronto, Ontario National Military Medical Center Canada Bethesda, Maryland United States Mahmood Ayyaz, MBBS, FCPS, FRCS, FACS Mary-Margaret Brandt, MD, MHSA, FACS Professor of Surgery, Services Institute of Medical Sciences; Trauma Director Councillor and Director, National Residency Programme; St. Joseph Mercy Health System National Course Director, ATLS Pakistan Ann Arbor, Michigan Services Hospital United States College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan Frank Branicki, MB, BS, DM, FRCS, FRCS(Glasg), Lehore FRACS, FCSHK, FHKAM, FCSECSA, FACS Pakistan Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery Mark Bagnall, BMedSc(Hons), MBChB(Hons), MSc, United Arab Emirates University PhD, MRCS(Eng) Al Ain Specialist Registrar in General Surgery; General Surgery United Arab Emirates Representative ATLS UK Susan Briggs, MD, MPH, FACS Steering Group Director, International Trauma and Disaster Institute United Kingdom Massachusetts General Hospital Andrew Baker, MBChB, FRCS(Orth), FCS(Orth), SA Boston, Massachusetts Senior Consultant United States Entabeni Hospital George Brighton, MBBS, BSc Honors, MSc, PGCE Durban Med Ed. South Africa Clinical Entrepreneur Fellow NHS England Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter England
xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bertil Bouillon, MD Juan Carlos Puyana, MD, FACS Professor and Chairman Department of Trauma and Professor of Surgery, Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery Translational Medicine University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Cologne United States Germany Narain Chotirosniramit, MD, FACS, FICS, FRCST Guy Brisseau, MD, MEd, FACS Chief, Trauma and Critical Care Unit; Department of Director, Pediatric Trauma; Director, Surgical Education Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Sidra Medical and Research Center Chiangmai University Doha Chiangmai Qatar Thailand Troy Browne, MBChB, FCA(SA), FANZCA, FCICM Ian Civil, MBChB, FRACS, FACS Medical Leader—Anaesthesia, Radiology and Surgical Director of Trauma Services Services; Director of Intensive Care/High Dependency Unit Auckland City Hospital Bay of Plenty District Health Board Auckland Tauranga New Zealand New Zealand Keith Clancy, MD, MBA, FACS Shane Brun, MD, M.Trauma, M.Ed, FFSEM(UK), Trauma Medical Director FACRRM, FRACGP Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center Associate Professor Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania James Cook University United States Queensland Peter Clements Australia Stephen Bush, MA(Oxon), FRCS, FRCEM Frederic J. Cole, Jr., MD, FACS Consultant in Emergency Medicine Legacy Emanuel Medical Center Leeds Teaching Hospitals Portland, Oregon Trust Leeds, West Yorkshire United States United Kingdom Jaime Cortes-Ojeda, MD, FACS Jacqueline Bustraan, MSc Chief Department of Surgery Educational Advisor, Trainer, and Researcher Hospital Nacional de Niños \"Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera\" Leiden University Medical Center/BOAT (Bustraan San José Organisation, Advice and Training) Costa Rica Leiden Renn J. Crichlow, MD MBA The Netherlands Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeon Vilma Cabading St. Vincent Indianapolis Trauma Center Trauma Courses Office, Deanship of Postgraduate Education OrthoIndy Hospital King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Indianapolis, Indiana Riyadh United States Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Scott D’Amours, MD, FRCS(C), FRACS, FRCS(Glasg) Sally Campbell, RN, BA Trauma Surgeon, Director of Trauma ATLS Course Director Liverpool Hospital Kaiser Medical Center/David Grant Medical Center Sydney, New South Wales Vacaville/Travis Air Force Base, California Australia United States
xviii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Marc DeMoya, MD, FACS Esteban Foianini, MD, FACS Associate Professor of Surgery Medical Director Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Clinica Foianini Boston, Massachusetts Santa Cruz de la Sierra United States Bolivia Newton Djin Mori, MD, PhD, FACS Adam Fox, DPM, DO, FACS General and Trauma Surgeon Assistant Professor of Surgery and Section Chief, Trauma Hospital das Clinicas–University of São Paulo Division of Trauma Surgery and Critical Care, Rutgers NJMS; São Paulo, São Paulo Associate Trauma Medical Director, NJ Trauma Center Brazil Newark, New Jersey Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, RN, MSN, PhD United States Professor Robert Michael Galler, DO, FACS, FACOS Faculdade das Américas (FAM) Associate Professor, Neurosurgery and Orthopedics; São Paulo, São Paulo Co-Director, Comprehensive Spine Center, Institute for Brazil Advanced Neurosciences Jay Doucet, MD, FRCSC, FACS Stony Brook University Medical Center Professor of Surgery Long Island, New York University of California, San Diego United States San Diego, California Raj Gandi, MD United States Trauma Medical Director Julia A. Dunn, MD, MS, FACS JPS Health Network Medical Director, Trauma Research and Education Fort Worth, Texas UC Health Northern Colorado United States Loveland, Colorado Naisan Garraway, CD, FRCSC, FACS United States Medical Director, Trauma Program Lesley Dunstall, RN Vancouver General Hospital National Coordinator; EMST/ATLS Australasia Vancouver, British Columbia Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Canada North Adelaide, South Australia Subash Gautam, MB, FRCS(Eng, Edn, and Glasg), FACS Australia Head of Department David Efron, MD, FACS Fujairah Hospital Professor of Surgery; Chief, Division of Acute Care Surgery; Fujairah Director of Adult Trauma United Arab Emirates The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Julie Gebhart, PA-C Baltimore, Maryland Lead Orthopedic Trauma Physician; Assistant Manager, United States Orthopedic Advanced Practice Providers Froilan Fernandez, MD, FACS OrthoIndy Hospital Chair, ACS-COT Chile; Associate Senior Surgical Staff Indianapolis, Indiana Hospital Del Trabajador United States Santiago Agienszka Gizzi Chile Regional and International Programmes Coordinator John Fildes, MD, FACS The Royal College of Surgeons of England Foundation Professor; Chair, Surgery; Chief, Division of Acute London Care Surgery; Program Director, Acute Care Surgery Fellowship United Kingdom University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine Las Vegas, Nevada United States
xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Oscar Guillamondegui, MD, MPH, FACS Roxolana Horbowyj, MD, MSChE, FACS Professor of Surgery, Trauma Medical Director Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences/ Nashville, Tennessee Walter Reed National Military Medical Center United States Bethesda, Maryland Betty Jean (B. J.) Hancock, MD, FRCSC, FACS United States Associate Professor, Pediatric Surgery and Critical Care David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS University of Manitoba; Children’s Hospital of Executive Director Winnipeg/Health Sciences Centre American College of Surgeons Winnipeg, Manitoba Chicago, Illinois Canada United States Paul Harrison, MD, FACS Eliesa Ing, MD Trauma Medical Director HCA Continental Division; Staff Ophthalmologist, Portland VA HSC Associate Medical Director, Clinical Professor of Surgery Assistant Professor, Casey Eye Institute/OHSU Wesley Medical Center/KU School of Medicine Portland, Oregon Wichita, Kansas United States United States Lewis Jacobson, MD, FACS Col. (Ret.) Walter Henny, MD Chair, Department of Surgery; Director, Trauma and University Hospital and Medical School Surgical Critical Care Rotterdam St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital The Netherlands Indianapolis, Indiana Sharon M. Henry, MD, FACS United States Anne Scalea Professor of Surgery Randeep Jawa, MD, FACS University of Maryland School of Medicine; University Clinical Professor of Surgery of Maryland Medical Center RA Cowley Shock Trauma Stony Brook University School of Medicine Center Stony Brook, New York Baltimore, Maryland United States United States Maria Fernanda Jimenez, MD, FACS Fergal Hickey, FRCS, FRCSEd, DA(UK), FRCEM, FIFEM General Surgeon National Director, ATLS Ireland; Consultant in Emergency Hospital Universitario MEDERI Medicine Bogotá, Distrito Capital Sligo University Hospital Colombia Sligo Aaron Joffe, DO, FCCM Ireland Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Marzellus Hofmann, MD, MME University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center Dean of Medical Education and Student Affairs Seattle, Washington Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health United States Witten, NRW Kimberly Joseph, MD, FACS, FCCM Germany Division Chair, Trauma Critical Care and Prevention Annette Holian Department, Department of Trauma and Burns Clinical Director-Surgery and Perioperative Services John H. Stoger Hospital of Cook County Royal Australian Air Force Chicago, Illinois United States
xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Haytham Kaafarani, MD, MPH, FACS Sarvesh Logsetty, MD, FACS, FRCS(C) Patient Safety and Quality Director; Director of Clinical Associate Professor, Director, Manitoba Firefighters Burn Unit Research, Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical University of Manitoba Care Winnipeg, Manitoba Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical Canada School Siew Kheong Lum, MBBS, FRCSEd, FACS, FRACS Boston, Massachusetts (Hon), FAMM, FAMS United States Professor of Surgery and ATLS Program Director Martin Keller, MD, FACS, FAAP Sungai Buloh Hospital Associate Professor of Surgery Kuala Lumpur St. Louis Children’s Hospital; Washington University Malaysia School of Medicine Patrizio Mao, MD, FACS St. Louis, Missouri Azienda Ospedaliero–Universitaria United States San Luigi Gonzaga John Kortbeek, MD, FRCSC, FACS Orbassano, Torino Professor, Department of Surgery, Critical Care and Italy Anaesthesia Sherri Marley, BSN, RN, CEN, TCRN Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Clinical Educator for Trauma Services Calgary, Alberta Eskenazi Hospital Canada Indianapolis, Indiana Deborah A. Kuhls, MD, FACS United States Professor of Surgery Katherine Martin, MBBS, FRACS University of Nevada School of Medicine Trauma Surgeon Las Vegas, Nevada Alfred Hospital United States Melbourne, Victoria Sunir Kumar, MD Australia Cleveland Clinic Sean P. McCully, MD, MS Cleveland, Ohio Surgical Critical Care Fellow United States Department of Surgery Eric Kuncir, MD, MS, FACS Oregon Health and Science University Chief, Division of Emergency General Surgery; Clinical Portland, Oregon Professor of Surgery United States University of California, Irvine Chad McIntyre, BS, NRP, FP-C Orange, California Manager, Trauma and Flight Services United States UF Health Jacksonville Claus Falck Larsen, DMSc,MPA Jacksonville, Florida consultant, United States Clinic at TraumaCentre Daniel B. Michael, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS Rigshospitalet Director of Neurosurgical Education University of Southern Denmark William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak Copenhagen Professor of Neurosurgery Denmark Oakland University William Beaumont School of Gilberto K. K. Leung, MBBS, FRCS, PhD Medicine Clinical Associate Professor Royal Oak, Michigan The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary University United States Pok Fu Lam Director, Michigan Head and Spine Institute Hong Kong Southfield, Michigan United States
xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mahesh Misra, MD, FACS Debbie Paltridge, MHlthSc (ED) Director Principal Educator All India Institute of Medical Sciences Royal Australasian College of Surgeons New Delhi Melbourne, Victoria India Australia Soledad Monton Neil Parry, MD, FACS, FRCSC Médico en Servicio Navarro de Salud Medical Director, Trauma Program; Associate Professor of Servicio Navarro de Salud Surgery and Critical Care Pamplona London Health Sciences Center; Schulich School of Spain Medicine, Western University Hunter Moore, MD London, Ontario Trauma Research Fellow Canada University of Colorado Albert Pierce Denver, Colorado Hermanus Jacobus Christoffel Du Plessis, MB, ChB, United States MMed(Surg), FCS(SA), FACS John Ng, MD, MS, FACS Travis Polk, MD, FACS Chief, Division of Oculofacial Plastics, Orbital and Commander, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy; Surgical Director, Reconstructive Surgery; Professor, Departments of Healthcare Simulation and Bioskills Training Center Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Casey Eye Institute–Oregon Health and Science Portsmouth, Virginia University United States Portland, Oregon Bruce Potenza, MD, FACS United States Critical Care Surgeon, Trauma Nnamdi Nwauwa, MSCEM, MPH, MBBS UCSD Medical Center Director, Training and Clinical Services San Diego, California Emergency Response International United States Port Harcourt, Nigeria James V. O’Connor MD, FACS Tarek Razek, MD, FRCSC, FACS Professor of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Chief, Division of Trauma Surgery Medicine McGill University Health Centre Chief, Thoracic and Vascular Trauma Montreal, Quebec R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Canada Baltimore, Maryland Martin Richardson, MBBS, MS, FRACS United States Associate Clinical Dean Roddy O’Donnell, MBBS, MA, PhD, FRCPCH, MRCP, Epworth Hospital, University of Melbourne FFICM Melbourne, Victoria Consultant Paediatrician and Director of PICU Australia Addenbrookes Hospital Avraham Rivkind, MD, FACS Cambridge Head, Division of Emergency Medicine and Shock Trauma United Kingdom Unit Giorgio Olivero, MD, FACS Hadassah Medical Center ATLS Program Director; Professor of Surgery Jerusalem Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino Israel Torino Italy
xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rosalind Roden, BA(Cambridge), FRCEM Elizabeth Vallejo de Solezio Consultant in Emergency Medicine National Education, Committee on Trauma Ecuador Leeds Teaching Hospitals Quito, Ecuador Trust Leeds, West Yorkshire Ronald Stewart, MD, FACS United Kingdom Chair, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma Jakob Roed, MD, MPA, DLS Witten B. Russ Professor and Chair of the Department Chief Anesthetist, Department of Anesthesiology and of Surgery Intensive Care UT Health San Antonio Zealand University Hospital San Antonio, Texas Roskilde United States Denmark Claus Stobaus, ME, ED Dan Rutigliano, DO Postgraduate Program in Education Assistant Professor of Surgery Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Stony Brook University School of Medicine Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Stony Brook, New York Brazil United States John Sutyak, EdM, MD, FACS Kennith Sartorelli, MD, FACS Director, Southern Illinois Trauma Center Department of Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery University of Vermont College of Medicine Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Burlington, Vermont Springfield, Illinois United States United States Patrick Schoettker, MD Gonzalo Tamayo Professor of Anesthesiology Kum-Ying Tham, MBBS, FRCSE, EDD University Hospital CHUV Senior Consultant Lausanne, VD Tan Tock Seng Hospital Switzerland Singapore David Schultz, MD, FACS Phil Truskett Thedacare Regional Medical Center Neenah Surgeon at SESIH Neenah, Wisconsin SESIH United States Sydney, Australia Kristen C. Sihler, MD, MS, FACS Gary Vercruysse, MD, FACS Maine Medical Center Director of Burns Services; Associate Professor of Surgery, Portland, Maine Division of Trauma, Burns, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical United States Critical Care Preecha Siritongtaworn, FRCST,FACS. University of Arizona School of Medicine Department of Surgery Tucson, Arizona Faculty of Medicine United States Siriraj Hospital Eric Voiglio, MD, FACS Bangkok, Thailand Emergency Surgery Unit David Skarupa, MD, FACS University Hospitals of Lyon Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery/ Pierre-Bénite Division of Acute Care Surgery France University of Florida College of Medicine–Jacksonville Jacksonville, Florida United States
xxiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS James Vosswinkel, MD, FACS Jay A. Yelon, DO, FACS, FCCM Chief, Division of Trauma Professor of Surgery; Medical Director of Surgical Services Stony Brook University School of Medicine Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine; Southside Stony Brook, New York Hospital/Northwell Health United States Bay Shore, New York Bob Yellowe, MD, MSc Sport Medicine United States Consultant Orthopedic and Trauma Surgeon Heba Youssef Mohamed Sayed, MD University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Professor and Head of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Port Harcourt Toxicology Department Nigeria Faculty of Medicine–Port Said University Dany Westerband, MD, FACS Port Said Medical Director of Trauma Services; Chief, Section of Arab Republic of Egypt Trauma and Emergency Surgery; Chairman, Department Laura Zibners, MD of Surgery Honorary Consultant, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Suburban Hospital–Johns Hopkins Medicine Imperial College, St. Mary’s Hospital Bethesda, Maryland London United States United Kingdom Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM honor roll Director, Emergency Medicine Monash Medical Centre Over the past 30 years, ATLS has grown from a local Melbourne, Victoria course training of Nebraska doctors to care for trauma Australia patients to a family of trauma specialists from more Catherine Wilson, MSN, ACNP-BC, CEN than 60 countries who volunteer their time to ensure Trauma Outreach Coordinator that our materials reflect the most current research and Vanderbilt University Medical Center that our course is designed to improve patient outcomes. Nashville, Tennessee The Tenth Edition of ATLS reflects the efforts of the United States individuals who contributed to the first nine editions, Robert Winchell, MD, FACS and we honor them here: Chief, Division of Trauma, Burn, Acute Care and Critical Georges Abi Saad Care, Director of Trauma Center Sabas F. Abuabara, MD, FACS Weill Cornell Medicine; New York–Presbyterian Weill Joe E. Acker, II, MS, MPH, EMT Cornell Medical Center Fatimah Albarracin, RN New York, New York Celia Aldana United States Raymond H. Alexander, MD, FACS Bob Winter, FRCP, FRCA, FFICM, DM Omar Al Ghanimi Medical Director, East Midlands Ambulance Services Abdullah Al-Harthy Horizon Place Jameel Ali, MD, MMed Ed, FRCS(C), FACS Nottingham Saud Al-Turki, MD, FRCS, ODTS, FACA, FACS United Kingdom Donna Allerton, RN Christoph Wöelfl, MD, PhD Heri Aminuddin, MD Head of Departement, Departement of Orthopedic and John A. Androulakis, MD, FACS Trauma Surgery Charles Aprahamian, MD, FACS Krankenhaus Hetzelstift Guillermo Arana, MD, FACS Neustadt a. d. Weinstrasse Marjorie J. Arca, MD, FACS Germany Ana Luisa Argomedo Manrique John H. Armstrong, MD, FACS John L.D. Atkinson, MD, FACS Ivar Austlid Gonzalo Avilés Mahmood Ayyaz, MD
xxiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Richard Baillot, MD Raul Coimbra, MD, PhD, FACS Andrew Baker, MD Francisco Collet e Silva, MD, FACS, PhD(Med) Barbara A. Barlow, MA, MD, FACS Paul E. Collicott, MD, FACS James Barone, MD, FACS Arthur Cooper, MD, FACS John Barrett, MD, FACS Jaime Cortes Ojeda, MD Pierre Beaumont, MD Clay Cothren Burlew, MD, FACS Margareta Behrbohm Fallsberg, PhD, BSc Ronald D. Craig, MD Richard M. Bell, MD, FACS Doug Davey, MD Eugene E. Berg, MD, FACS Kimberly A. Davis, MD, FACS Richard Bergeron, MD Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, RN, MSN, PhD François Bertrand, MD Subrato J. Deb, MD Renato Bessa de Melo, MD Alejandro De Gracia, MD, FACS, MAAC Mike Betzner, MD Laura Lee Demmons, RN, MBA Emidio Bianco, MD, JD Ronald Denis, MD David P. Blake, MD, FACS Elizabeth de Solezio, PhD Ken Boffard, MB BCh, FRCS, FRCS(Ed), FACS Jesus Díaz Portocarrero, MD, FACS Mark W. Bowyer, MD, FACS, DMCC Mauricio Di Silvio-Lopez, MD, FACS Don E. Boyle, MD, FACS Frank X. Doto, MS Marianne Brandt Jay J. Doucet, MD, FACS Mary-Margaret Brandt, MD, FACS Anne-Michéle Droux Frank J. Branicki, MBBS, DM, FRCS, FRACS, FCS(HK), Julia A. Dunn, MD, FACS FHKAM(Surg) Hermanus Jacobus Christoffel Du Plessis, MB, ChB, Karen Brasel, MPH, MD, FACS MMed(Surg), FCS(SA), FACS Fred Brenneman, MD, FRCSC, FACS Marguerite Dupré, MD George Brighton, MD Candida Durão Åse Brinchmann-Hansen, PhD Ruth Dyson, BA(Hons) Peter Brink, MD, PhD Martin Eason, MD, JD Karim Brohi, MD A. Brent Eastman, MD, FACS James Brown, MA Frank E. Ehrlich, MD, FACS Rea Brown, MD, FACS Martin R. Eichelberger, MD, FACS Allen F. Browne, MD, FACS Abdelhakim Talaat Elkholy, MBBCh Laura Bruna, RN David Eduardo Eskenazi, MD, FACS Gerry Bunting, MD Vagn Norgaard Eskesen, MD Andrew R. Burgess, MD, FACS Denis Evoy, MCH, FRCSI Richard E. Burney, MD, FACS William F. Fallon, Jr., MD, FACS David Burris, MD, FACS David V. Feliciano, MD, FACS Reginald A. Burton, MD, FACS Froilan Fernandez, MD Jacqueline Bustraan, MSc Carlos Fernandez-Bueno, MD Vilma Cabading John Fildes, MD, FACS Sylvia Campbell, MD, FACS Ronald P. Fischer, MD, FACS C. James Carrico, MD, FACS Stevenson Flanigan, MD, FACS Carlos Carvajal Hafemann, MD, FACS Lewis M. Flint, Jr, MD, FACS Gustavo H. Castagneto, MD, FACS Cornelia Rita Maria Getruda Fluit, MD, MedSci Candice L. Castro, MD, FACS Joan Foerster C. Gene Cayten, MD, FACS Esteban Foianini, MD, FACS June Sau-Hung Chan Jorge E. Foianini, MD, FACS Zafar Ullah Chaudhry, MD, FRCS, FCPS, FACS Heidi Frankel, MD, FACS Peggy Chehardy, EdD, CHES Knut Fredriksen, MD, PhD Regina Sutton Chennault, MD, FACS Susanne Fristeen, RN Robert A. Cherry, MD, FACS Richard Fuehling, MD Diane Chetty Christine Gaarder, MD Wei Chong Chua, MD Sylvain Gagnon, MD Emmanuel Chrysos, MD, PhD, FACS Richard Gamelli, MD, FACS Chin-Hung Chung, MB BS, FACS Subash C. Gautam, MD, MBBS, FRCS, FACS David E. Clark, MD, FACS Paul Gebhard
xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS James A. Geiling, MD, FCCP Amy Koestner, RN, MSN Thomas A. Gennarelli, MD, FACS Radko Komadina, MD, PhD John H. George, MD Digna R. Kool, MD Aggelos Geranios, MD John B. Kortbeek, MD, FACS Michael Gerazounis, MD Roman Kosir, MD Roger Gilbertson, MD Brent Krantz, MD, FACS Robert W. Gillespie, MD, FACS Jon R. Krohmer, MD, FACEP Marc Giroux, MD Eric J. Kuncir, MD, FACS Gerardo A. Gomez, MD, FACS Roslyn Ladner Hugo Alfredo Gomez Fernandez, MD, FACS Ada Lai Yin Kwok Khalid Masood Gondal Maria Lampi, BSc, RN Javier González-Uriarte, MD, PhD, EBSQ, FSpCS Katherine Lane, PhD John Greenwood Francis G. Lapiana, MD, FACS Russell L. Gruen, MBBS, PhD, FRACS Pedro Larios Aznar Niels Gudmundsen-Vestre Claus Falck Larsen, MD, PhD(Med), MPA, FACS Oscar D. Guillamondegui, MD, FACS Anna M. Ledgerwood, MD, FACS Enrique A. Guzman Cottallat, MD, FACS Dennis G. Leland, MD, FACS J. Alex Haller, Jr., MD, FACS Frank Lewis, MD, FACS Betty Jean (B. J.) Hancock, MD, FACS Wilson Li, MD Burton H. Harris, MD, FACS Helen Livanios, RN Michael L. Hawkins, MD, FACS Chong-Jeh Lo, MD, FACS Ian Haywood, FRCS(Eng), MRCS, LRCP Sarvesh Logsetty, MD, FACS James D. Heckman, MD, FACS Nur Rachmat Lubis, MD June E. Heilman, MD, FACS Edward B. Lucci, MD, FACEP David M. Heimbach, MD, FACS Eduardo Luck, MD, FACS Richard Henn, RN, BSN, M.ED Thomas G. Luerssen, MD, FACS Walter Henny, MD Ka Ka Lui Sharon M. Henry, MD, FACS J.S.K. Luitse, MD David N. Herndon, MD, FACS Siew-Kheong Lum Grace Herrera-Fernandez Douglas W. Lundy, MD, FACS Fergal Hickey, FRCS, FRCS Ed(A&E), DA(UK), FCEM Arnold Luterman, MD, FACS Erwin F. Hirsch, MD, FACS Fernando Machado, MD Francisco Holguin, MD Fernando Magallanes Negrete, MD Michael Hollands, MB BS, FRACS, FACS Jaime Manzano, MD, FACS Scott Holmes Patrizio Mao, MD, FACS Roxolana Horbowyj, MD, FACS Donald W. Marion, MD, FACS David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS Michael R. Marohn, DO, FACS Arthur Hsieh, MA, NREMT-P Barry D. Martin, MD Irvene K. Hughes, RN Salvador Martín Mandujano, MD, FACS Christopher M. Hults, MD, FACS, CDR, USN Kimball I. Maull, MD, FACS Richard C. Hunt, MD, FACEP R. Todd Maxson, MD, FACS John E. Hutton, Jr, MD, FACS Mary C. McCarthy, MD, FACS Miles H. Irving, FRCS(Ed), FRCS(Eng) Gerald McCullough, MD, FACS Randeep S. Jawa, MD, FACS John E. McDermott, MD, FACS José María Jover Navalon, MD, FACS James A. McGehee, DVM, MS Richard Judd, PhD, EMSI Chad McIntyre, NREMT-P, FP-C Gregory J. Jurkovich, MD, FACS William F. McManus, MD, FACS Aage W. Karlsen Norman E. McSwain, Jr., MD, FACS Christoph R. Kaufmann, MD, FACS Philip S. Metz, MD, FACS Howard B. Keith, MD, FACS Cynthia L. Meyer, MD James F. Kellam, MD, FRCS, FACS Daniel B. Michael, MD, PhD, FACS Steven J. Kilkenny, MD, FACS Salvijus Milasˇius, MD Darren Kilroy, FRCS(Ed), FCEM, M.Ed Frank B. Miller, MD, FACS Lena Klarin, RN Sidney F. Miller, MD, FACS Peggy Knudson, MD, FACS
xxvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LEO Pien Ming, MBBS, MRCS (Edin), M.Med Jesper Ravn, MD (Orthopaedics) Tarek S. A. Razek, MD, FACS Mahesh C. Misra, MD, FACS Marcelo Recalde Hidrobo, MD, FACS Soledad Monton, MD John Reed, MD Ernest E. Moore, MD, FACS Marleta Reynolds, MD, FACS Forrest O. Moore, MD, FACS Stuart A. Reynolds, MD, FACS Newton Djin Mori, MD Peter Rhee, MD, MPH, FACS, FCCM, DMCC Johanne Morin, MD Bo Richter Charles E. Morrow, Jr., MD, FACS Bernard Riley, FFARCS David Mulder, MD, FACS Charles Rinker, MD, FACS Stephen G. Murphy, MD Avraham Rivkind, MD Kimberly K. Nagy, MD, FACS Rosalind Roden, FFAEM Raj K. Narayan, MD, FACS Diego Rodriguez, MD James B. Nichols, DVM, MS Vicente Rodriguez, MD Nicolaos Nicolau, MD, FACS Jakob Roed, MD Martín Odriozola, MD, FACS Olav Røise, MD, PhD Han Boon Oh Martha Romero Giorgio Olivero, MD, FACS Ronald E. Rosenthal, MD, FACS Franklin C. Olson, EdD Michael F. Rotondo, MD, FACS Steve A. Olson, MD, FACS Grace Rozycki, MD, FACS Osama Ali Omari, MD Daniel Ruiz, MD, FACS Hock Soo Ong, MD, FACS J. Octavio Ruiz Speare, MD, MS, FACS Gonzalo Ostria P., MD, FACS James M. Ryan, MCh, FRCS(Eng), RAMC Arthur Pagé, MD Majid Sabahi, MD José Paiz Tejada James M. Salander, MD, FACS Rattaplee Pak-Art, MD Gueider Salas, MD Fatima Pardo, MD Jeffrey P. Salomone, MD, FACS Steven N. Parks, MD, FACS Rocio Sanchez-Aedo Linares, RN BiPinchandra R. Patel, MD, FACS Mårtin Sandberg, MD, PhD Chester (Chet) Paul, MD Thomas G. Saul, MD, FACS Jasmeet S. Paul, MD Nicole Schaapveld, RN Andrew Pearce, BScHons, MBBS, FACEM PG Cert Domenic Scharplatz, MD, FACS Aeromed retrieval William P. Schecter, MD, FACS Mark D. Pearlman, MD Inger B. Schipper, MD, PhD, FACS Andrew B. Peitzman, MD, FACS Patrick Schoettker, MD, M.E.R. Nicolas Peloponissios, MD Martin A. Schreiber, MD, FACS Jean Péloquin, MD Kari Schrøder Hansen, MD Philip W. Perdue, MD, FACS Thomas E. Scott, MD, FACS Pedro Moniz Pereira, MD Stuart R. Seiff, MD, FACS Neil G. Perry, MD, FRCSC, FACS Estrellita C. Serafico J.W. Rodney Peyton, FRCS(Ed), MRCP Bolivar Serrano, MD, FACS Lawrence H. Pitts, MD, FACS Juan Carlos Serrano, MD, FACS Renato Sergio Poggetti, MD, FACS Steven R. Shackford, MD, FACS Alex Poole, MD, FACS Marc J. Shapiro, MD, FACS Galen V. Poole, MD, FACS Thomas E. Shaver, MD, FACS Danielle Poretti, RN Mark Sheridan, MBBS, MMedSc, FRACS Ernest Prégent, MD Brian Siegel, MD, FACS Raymond R. Price, MD, FACS Richard C. Simmonds, DVM, MS Richard R. Price, MD, FACS Richard K. Simons, MB, BChir, FRCS, FRCSC, FACS Sonia Primeau Preecha Siritongtaworn, MD, FACS Herbert Proctor, MD, FACS Diana Skaff Jacques Provost, MD Nils Oddvar Skaga, MD Paul Pudimat, MD David V. Skinner, FRCS(Ed), FRCS(Eng) Cristina Quintana Peter Skippen, MBBS, FRCPC, FJFICM, MHA Max L. Ramenofsky, MD, FACS Arnold Sladen, MD, FACS
xxvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Tone Slåke Endre Varga, MD, PhD R. Stephen Smith, MD, RDMS, FACS Edina Värkonyi Birgitte Soehus Panteleimon Vassiliu, MD, PhD Ricardo Sonneborn, MD, FACS Eugenia Vassilopoulou, MD Anne Sorvari Antigoni Vavarouta Michael Stavropoulos, MD, FACS Allan Vennike Spyridon Stergiopoulos, MD Antonio Vera Bolea Gerald O. Strauch, MD, FACS Alan Verdant, MD Luther M. Strayer, III, MD Tore Vikström, MD, PhD James K. Styner, MD J. Leonel Villavicencio, MD, FACS LAM Suk-Ching, BN, MHM Eric Voiglio, MD, PhD, FACS, FRCS Paul-Martin Sutter, MD Franklin C. Wagner, MD, FACS John Sutyak, MD, FACS Raymond L. Warpeha, MD, FACS Lars Bo Svendsen, MD, DMSci Clark Watts, MD, FACS Vasso Tagkalakis John A. Weigelt, MD, FACS Wael S. Taha, MD Leonard J. Weireter Jr., MD, FACS Kathryn Tchorz, MD, FACS John West, MD, FACS Joseph J. Tepas, III, MD, FACS Nicholas M. Wetjen, MD Stéphane Tétraeault, MD Robert J. White, MD, FACS Gregory A. Timberlake, MD, FACS Richard L. Wigle, MD, FACS Wei Ting Lee Stephen Wilkinson, MBBS, MD, FRACS Gustavo Tisminetzky, MD, FACS, MAAC Daryl Williams, MBBS, FANZCA,GDipBusAd, GdipCR Peter G. Trafton, MD, FACS Robert J. Winchell, MD, FACS Stanley Trooksin, MD, FACS Robert Winter, FRCP, FRCA, DM Julio L. Trostchansky, MD, FACS Fremont P. Wirth, MD, FACS Philip Truskett, MB BS, FRACS Bradley D. Wong, MD, FACS David Tuggle, MD, FACS Nopadol Wora-Urai, MD, FACS Wolfgang Ummenhofer, MD, DEAA Peter H. Worlock, DM, FRCS(Ed), FRCS(Eng) Jeffrey Upperman, MD, FACS Jay A. Yelon, MD, FACS Jay Upright Bang Wai-Key Yuen, MB BS, FRCS, FRACS, FACS Yvonne van den Ende Ahmad M. Zarour, MD, FACS Armand Robert van Kanten, MD
COURSE OVERVIEW: PURPOSE, HISTORY, AND CONCEPTS OF THE ATLS PROGRAM program goals Upon completing the ATLS student course, the participant will be able to: The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) course 1. Demonstrate the concepts and principles of the supplies its participants with a safe and reliable method primary and secondary patient assessments. for the immediate treatment of injured patients and the basic knowledge necessary to: 2. Establish management priorities in a trauma situation. 1. Assess a patient’s condition rapidly and accurately. 2. Resuscitate and stabilize patients according to 3. Initiate primary and secondary management neces- sary for the emergency management of acute life- priority. threatening conditions in a timely manner. 3. Determine whether a patient’s needs exceed the 4. In a given simulation, demonstrate the following resources of a facility and/or the capability of a skills, which are often required during initial provider. assessment and treatment of patients with 4. Arrange appropriately for a patient’s multiple injuries: interhospital or intrahospital transfer. 5. Ensure that optimal care is provided and that the a. Primary and secondary assessment of a patient level of care does not deteriorate at any point during with simulated, multiple injuries the evaluation, resuscitation, or transfer process. b. Establishment of a patent airway and initiation course objectives of assisted ventilations The content and skills presented in this course are c. Orotracheal intubation on adult and infant designed to assist doctors in providing emergency manikins care for trauma patients. The concept of the “golden hour” emphasizes the urgency necessary for successful d. Pulse oximetry and carbon dioxide detection treatment of injured patients and is not intended to in exhaled gas represent a fixed time period of 60 minutes. Rather, it is the window of opportunity during which doctors e. Cricothyroidotomy can have a positive impact on the morbidity and f. Assessment and treatment of a patient mortality associated with injury. The ATLS course provides the essential information and skills for in shock, particularly recognition of life- doctors to identify and treat life-threatening and threatening hemorrhage potentially life-threatening injuries under the g. Intraosseous access extreme pressures associated with the care of these h. Pleural decompression via needle or finger and patients in the fast-paced environment and anxiety chest tube insertion of a trauma room. The ATLS course is applicable to i. Recognition of cardiac tamponade and clinicians in a variety of situations. It is just as relevant appropriate treatment to providers in a large teaching facility in North j. Clinical and radiographic identification of America or Europe as it is in a developing nation with thoracic injuries rudimentary facilities. k. Use of peritoneal lavage, ultrasound (FAST), and computed tomography (CT) in abdominal evaluation l. Evaluation and treatment of a patient with brain injury, including use of the new Glasgow Coma Scale score and CT of the brain xxix
xxx COURSE OVERVIEW m. Protection of the spinal cord and radiographic and clinical evaluation of spine injuries n. Musculoskeletal trauma assessment and management the need According to the most current information from the ■ FIGURE 2 Distribution of global injury mortality by cause. “Other” World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers category includes smothering, asphyxiation, choking, animal and for Disease Control (CDC), more than nine people die venomous bites, hypothermia, and hyperthermia as well as natural every minute from injuries or violence, and 5.8 million disasters. Data from Global Burden of Disease, 2004. Reproduced with people of all ages and economic groups die every year permission from Injuries and Violence: The Facts. Geneva: World Health from unintentional injuries and violence (■ FIGURE 1). The Organization Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention; 2010. burden of injury is even more significant, accounting for 18% of the world’s total diseases. Motor vehicle trimodal death distribution crashes (referred to as road traffic injuries in ■ FIGURE 2) alone cause more than 1 million deaths annually and First described in 1982, the trimodal distribution of an estimated 20 million to 50 million significant deaths implies that death due to injury occurs in one injuries; they are the leading cause of death due to injury of three periods, or peaks. The first peak occurs within worldwide. Improvements in injury control efforts are having an impact in most developed countries, where trauma remains the leading cause of death in persons 1 through 44 years of age. Significantly, more than 90% of motor vehicle crashes occur in the developing world. Injury-related deaths are expected to rise dramatically by 2020, and deaths due to motor vehicle crashes are projected to increase by 80% from current rates in low- and middle-income countries. ■ FIGURE 1 Road traffic mortality rate, 2013. Reproduced with permission from Global Health Observatory Map Gallery. Geneva: World Health Organization Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention; 2016.
xxxi COURSE OVERVIEW seconds to minutes of injury. During this early period,Number of Deaths the timing distribution of trauma deaths compared with deaths generally result from apnea due to severe brain the historical trimodal distribution. or high spinal cord injury or rupture of the heart, aorta, or other large blood vessels. Very few of these patients history can be saved because of the severity of their injuries. Only prevention can significantly reduce this peak of The delivery of trauma care in the United States before trauma-related deaths. 1980 was at best inconsistent. In February 1976, tragedy occurred that changed trauma care in the “first hour” The second peak occurs within minutes to several hours for injured patients in the United States and in much following injury. Deaths that occur during this period of the rest of the world. An orthopedic surgeon was are usually due to subdural and epidural hematomas, piloting his plane and crashed in a rural Nebraska hemopneumothorax, ruptured spleen, lacerations cornfield. The surgeon sustained serious injuries, of the liver, pelvic fractures, and/or multiple other three of his children sustained critical injuries, and injuries associated with significant blood loss. The one child sustained minor injuries. His wife was killed golden hour of care after injury is characterized by the instantly. The care that he and his family subsequently need for rapid assessment and resuscitation, which received was inadequate by the day’s standards. The are the fundamental principles of Advanced Trauma surgeon, recognizing how inadequate their treatment Life Support. was, stated: “When I can provide better care in the field with limited resources than what my children The third peak, which occurs several days to weeks and I received at the primary care facility, there is after the initial injury, is most often due to sepsis and something wrong with the system, and the system has to multiple organ system dysfunctions. Care provided be changed.” during each of the preceding periods affects outcomes during this stage. The first and every subsequent person A group of private-practice surgeons and doctors in to care for the injured patient has a direct effect on Nebraska, the Lincoln Medical Education Foundation, long-term outcome. and the Lincoln area Mobile Heart Team Nurses, with the help of the University of Nebraska Medical Center, The temporal distribution of deaths reflects local the Nebraska State Committee on Trauma (COT) of the advances and capabilities of trauma systems. The American College of Surgeons (ACS), and the Southeast development of standardized trauma training, better Nebraska Emergency Medical Services identified the prehospital care, and trauma centers with dedicated need for training in advanced trauma life support. A trauma teams and established protocols to care for combined educational format of lectures, lifesaving skill injured patients has altered the picture. ■ FIGURE 3 shows demonstrations, and practical laboratory experiences formed the prototype ATLS course. Timing Distribution of Trauma Deaths Compared With the Historical Trimodal Distribution A new approach to providing care for individuals who suffer major life-threatening injury premiered in 400 1978, the year of the first ATLS course. This prototype ATLS course was field-tested in conjunction with the 300 Southeast Nebraska Emergency Medical Services. One Immediate Deaths year later, the ACS COT, recognizing trauma as a surgical disease, enthusiastically adopted the course under the 200 Early deaths imprimatur of the College and incorporated it as an Late Deaths educational program. Historical trimodal This course was based on the assumption that 150 appropriate and timely care could significantly improve the outcome of injured patients. The original intent 100 of the ATLS Program was to train doctors who do not manage major trauma on a daily basis, and the 50 primary audience for the course has not changed. However, today the ATLS method is accepted as a 0 standard for the “first hour” of trauma care by many 0 1 2 3 4 12345 who provide care for the injured, whether the patient Hours is treated in an isolated rural area or a state-of the-art trauma center. ■ FIGURE 3 Timing distribution of trauma deaths compared with the historical trimodal distribution. The black line represents the historical trimodal distribution, and the bars represent 2010 study data. Reprinted with permission from Gunst M, Ghaemmaghami V, Gruszecki A, et al. Changing epidemiology of trauma deaths leads to a bimodal distribution. Proc (Baylor Univ Med Cent), 2010;23(4):349–354.
xxxii COURSE OVERVIEW atls and tr auma systems patients arrived at a capable trauma care facility. The notion of a trauma system began to take shape. As mentioned earlier, Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) was developed in 1976 following a plane crash Initially, the conception of a trauma system focused in which several children were critically injured. They on the large urban trauma centers. Drawing on the received injury care, but the resources and expertise experience at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, the State they needed were not available. This was, unfortunately, of Illinois passed legislation establishing a statewide typical of the way injury care was provided in most areas coordinated network of trauma centers in 1971. When of the country. The creators of ATLS had seen how the the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medicine was coordinated efforts of well-trained providers improved established in 1973, it was the first operational statewide survival of the seriously injured on the battlefields trauma system. Maryland’s small size allowed for a of Vietnam and at inner-city hospitals. Since then, system design in which all severely injured patients ATLS-trained providers have been instrumental in the within the state were transported to a single dedicated ongoing development of trauma systems. ATLS has trauma facility. Other regions used this model to played a major role in bringing together a core group establish cooperative networks of trauma centers that of providers that are trained and focused on injury care. were connected by a coordinated EMS system and linked This core group has provided the leadership and the by shared quality improvement processes. front-line clinical care that have enabled the growth and maturation of coordinated regional trauma systems. These efforts were driven by the finding that a large proportion of deaths after injury in nontrauma Before the second half of the 20th century, trauma hospitals were due to injuries that could have been better centers did not exist. Injury was thought to be managed and controlled. The implementation of such unpredictable instead of something that could be systems led to dramatic decreases in what was termed anticipated and include treatment plans to care “preventable death,” as well as overall improvements for injuries. Some large public hospitals, especially in postinjury outcome that were duplicated in widely those located in areas with high rates of poverty and varying geographic settings. Following the models urban violence, began to demonstrate that focused established in Illinois and Maryland, these regional experience and expertise—among providers as well as systems were founded on the premise that all critically facilities—led to better outcomes after injury. Outside injured patients should be transported to a trauma of these centers, injury care remained haphazard; it center and that other acute care facilities in a region was provided by the closest facility and by practitioners would not have a role in the care of the injured. This who happened to be available. As a result, the quality pattern fit well with the core ATLS paradigm of the small, of injury care received was largely a matter of chance. poorly resourced facility seeking to stabilize and transfer However, clear and objective data now show improved patients. Based on the “exclusion” of undesignated outcomes in designated trauma centers. The importance hospitals from the care of the injured, this approach is of trauma centers has been a core element of ATLS from frequently referred to as the exclusive model of trauma its inception, and the dissemination of ATLS principles system design. has contributed significantly to the general acceptance of this concept. The exclusive model works well in urban and suburban settings, where there are a sufficient number of trauma At about the same time, sweeping changes were centers. Although often described as a regional system, also occurring in the emergency medical services it does not use the resources of all healthcare facilities (EMS) system. Before the 1960s, there were few in a region. This focuses patient volume and experience standards regarding ambulance equipment or at the high-level centers, but it leads to attenuation of training of attendants. The ambulance was seen as a skills in undesignated centers and results in loss of means of transporting patients, not an opportunity flexibility and surge capacity. The only way to increase for practitioners to initiate care. Aided by the passage the depth of coverage in an exclusive system is to recruit of the 1973 Emergency Medical Services Act, which or build additional trauma centers in areas of need. established guidelines and provided funding for This theory has largely proven impossible in practice, regional EMS development, EMS systems rapidly due to the high startup costs for new trauma centers as developed and matured over the next 25 years. The well as a widely varying motivation and commitment wartime experiences of Korea and Vietnam clearly to injury care across the spectrum of healthcare demonstrated the advantages of rapid evacuation and facilities. The limitations of the exclusive model, and early definitive treatment of casualties, and it became the difficulties in deploying the model on a large scale, increasingly apparent how crucial it was to coordinate were experienced throughout the 1990s. Despite clear field treatment and transportation to ensure that injured evidence of the benefit of trauma systems, very few states and regions were able to establish a system as a matter of governmental policy, and fewer still were able
xxxiii COURSE OVERVIEW to fulfill a set of eight criteria that had been proposed as The system has a scale and function that places it in cornerstones of exclusive system design. Consequently, the realm of essential public services, yet it operates inclusive models began to be implemented. within the largely market-driven world of healthcare delivery. In most areas, the public health dimensions of The inclusive model, as the name suggests, proposes the trauma system are not well recognized and not well that all healthcare facilities in a region be involved with funded by states or regions. Lacking a federal mandate the care of injured patients, at a level commensurate or federal funding, the responsibility to develop trauma with their commitment, capabilities, and resources. systems has fallen to state and local governments, and Ideally, through its regulations, rules, and interactions progress highly depends on the interest and engagement with EMS, the system functions to efficiently match an of public leadership at that level. As a result, some individual patient’s needs with the most appropriate states have well-organized and well-funded systems facility, based on resources and proximity. Based on whereas others have made little success beyond a level this paradigm, the most severely injured would be either of coordination that has developed through individual transported directly or expeditiously transferred to interactions between front-line providers. Though there the top-level trauma care facilities. At the same time, is general agreement about the necessary elements and there would be sufficient local resources and expertise the structure of a trauma system, as well as significant to manage the less severely injured, thus avoiding the evidence to demonstrate that coordination of these risks and resource utilization incurred for transportation individual elements into a comprehensive system of to a high-level facility. The notion that personnel trauma care leads to improved outcomes after injury, highly skilled in trauma care would ever exist outside this data has not led to a broad implementation of of the trauma center was not envisioned at the time trauma systems across the country. that ATLS was created. Largely due to the success of ATLS, relatively sophisticated trauma capability is now From an international perspective, trauma system commonly found outside of a traditional large urban implementation varies to an even higher degree due center. This changing landscape has led to modifications to the broad range of social structures and economic in the content and focus of the ATLS course and its target development in countries across the globe. Further, audience. The inclusive system model has been the many of the cultural and economic forces that have primary guiding framework for systems development driven trauma systems development in the United States over the last 10 years. are unique, especially those related to high rates of interpersonal violence and the various ways of financing Despite its relatively universal acceptance at health care. As a result, approaches to trauma system the theoretical level, the inclusive model is often development are very different. misconstrued and misapplied in practice: it is viewed as a voluntary system in which all hospitals that wish to In many higher-income nations, especially those participate are included at whatever level of participation where health care is already an integral part of the they choose. This approach fails to fulfill the primary social support network, the benefits of focusing trauma mission of an inclusive trauma system: to ensure care expertise within trauma centers have been more that the needs of the patient are the primary driver of easily recognized. Moreover, there are fewer economic resource utilization. An inclusive system ensures that barriers to the direction of patient flow based on injury all hospitals participate in the system and are prepared severity. Combined with the relatively smaller size to care for injured patients at a level commensurate with of many European nations and the resultant shorter their resources, capabilities, and capacity; but it does not transport times to a specialty center, these benefits mean that hospitals are free to determine their level of have facilitated the functional development of trauma participation based on their own perceived best interest. systems following an exclusive model. The needs of the patient population served—objectively assessed—are the parameters that should determine By contrast, most low- and middle-income countries the apportionment and utilization of system resources, have severely limited infrastructure for patient including the level and geographic distribution of transportation and definitive care. These nations face trauma centers within the system. When this rule is severe challenges in providing adequate care for the forgotten, the optimal function of systems suffers, and injured, and in providing health care across the board. problems of either inadequate access or overutilization These challenges are clearly demonstrated by the may develop. disproportionately high rates of death related to injury seen in such countries. In these settings, ATLS has had The model of the inclusive trauma system has been perhaps its greatest impact on systems development, well developed. There is substantial evidence to show bringing knowledge and basic pathways of trauma the efficacy of these systems in improving outcomes care to directly to the providers, independent of the after injury, but inclusive systems are undeniably healthcare infrastructure. In addition, ATLS at its difficult to develop, finance, maintain, and operate. core brings forward many of the primary elements of
xxxiv COURSE OVERVIEW a systematized approach to care, including the concept or experimental methods. The international nature of of transferring patients to more capable facilities as the program mandates that the course be adaptable to dictated by injury severity, and the importance of a variety of geographic, economic, social, and medical communication between providers at various levels practice situations. To retain current status in the ATLS of care. In many low- and middle-income countries, Program, an individual must reverify training with the ATLS provides both the impetus to improve trauma latest edition of the materials. care and the basic tools to begin to construct a system. In parallel with the ATLS course is the Prehospital The broad success of ATLS, and the building of a large Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) course, sponsored by the population of providers who understand the principles National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians and approach to injury care, both in the United States (NAEMT). The PHTLS course, developed in cooperation and internationally, continues to be instrumental in with the ACS COT, is based on the concepts of the ACS furthering the implementation of trauma systems. ATLS Program and is conducted for emergency medical The wide dissemination of knowledge regarding injury technicians, paramedics, and nurses who are providers care and the importance of making the correct early of prehospital trauma care. decisions has established a common set of principles and a common language that serve to initiate changes Other courses have been developed with similar in trauma care and act as a cohesive force bringing concepts and philosophies. For example, the Society the various components of a system together. This of Trauma Nurses offers the Advanced Trauma Care for group of providers committed to the care of the trauma Nurses (ATCN), which is also developed in cooperation patient, the far-flung ATLS family, is ultimately the with the ACS COT. The ATCN and ATLS courses are source of the overall vision and cohesion necessary to conducted parallel to each other; the nurses audit the drive improvements in systems of trauma care. They ATLS lectures and then participate in skill stations bind the many separate elements of an inclusive system separate from the ATLS skill stations conducted for into a functioning whole. doctors. The benefits of having both prehospital and in-hospital trauma personnel speaking the same “language” are apparent. course development international dissemination and dissemination The ATLS course was conducted nationally for the first As a pilot project, the ATLS Program was exported time under the auspices of the American College of outside of North America in 1986 to the Republic of Surgeons in January 1980. International promulgation Trinidad and Tobago. The ACS Board of Regents gave of the course began in 1980. permission in 1987 for promulgation of the ATLS Program in other countries. The ATLS Program may The program has grown each year in the number of be requested by a recognized surgical organization or courses and participants. To date, the course has trained ACS Chapter in another country by corresponding with more than 1.5 million participants in more than 75,000 the ATLS Subcommittee Chairperson, care of the ACS courses around the world. Currently, an average of ATLS Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. At the time of 50,000 clinicians are trained each year in over 3,000 publication, the following 78 countries were actively courses. The greatest growth in recent years has been in providing the ATLS course to their trauma providers: the international community, and this group currently represents more than half of all ATLS activity. 1. Argentina (Asociación Argentina de Cirugía) 2. Australia (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) The text for the course is revised approximately every 3. Bahrain (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ACS Chapter 4 years to incorporate new methods of evaluation and treatment that have become accepted parts of the and Committee on Trauma) community of doctors who treat trauma patients. 4. Belize (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Course revisions incorporate suggestions from members of the Subcommittee on ATLS; members Costa Rica) of the ACS COT; members of the international ATLS 5. Bolivia (AMDA Bolivia) family; representatives to the ATLS Subcommittee 6. Brazil (The Brazilian Committee on Trauma) from the American College of Emergency Physicians 7. Canada (ACS Chapters and Provincial and the American College of Anesthesiologists; and course instructors, coordinators, educators, and Committees on Trauma) participants. Changes to the program reflect accepted, verified practice patterns, not unproven technology
xxxv COURSE OVERVIEW 8. Chile (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 41. Lebanon (Lebanese Chapter of the American College of Surgeons) 9. Colombia (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 42. Lithuania (Lithuanian Society of Traumatology 10. Costa Rica (College of Physicians and Surgeons of and Orthopaedics) Costa Rica) 43. Malaysia (College of Surgeons, Malaysia) 11. Cuba (Brazilian Committee on Trauma) 44. Mexico (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 45. Moldova (Association of Traumatologists and 12. Curaçao (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) Orthopedics of Republic of Moldova - ATORM) 13. Cyprus (Cyprus Surgical Society) 46. Mongolia (Mongolian Orthopedic Association 14. Czech Republic (Czech Trauma Society) and National Trauma and Orthopedic Referral Center of Mongolia) 15. Denmark (ATLS Denmark Fond) 47. Myanmar (Australasian College of Emergency Medicine, International Federation for 16. Ecuador (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) Emergency Medicine and Royal Australasian College Of Surgeons. The local stakeholders 17. Egypt (Egyptian Society of Plastic and included the Myanmar Department of Health and Reconstructive Surgeons) Department of Medical Science). 48. Netherlands, The (Dutch Trauma Society) 18. Estonia (Estonia Surgical Association) 49. New Zealand (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) 19. Fiji and the nations of the Southwest Pacific 50. Nigeria (Nigerian Orthopaedic Association) (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) 51. Norway (Norwegian Surgical Society) 52. Oman (Oman Surgical Society) 20. France (Société Française de Chirurgie d’Urgence) 53. Pakistan (College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan) 21. Georgia (Georgian Association of Surgeons) 54. Panama (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 55. Papua New Guinea (Royal Australasian College of 22. Germany (German Society for Trauma Surgery Surgeons) and Task Force for Early Trauma Care) 56. Paraguay (Sociedad Paraguaya de Cirugía) 57. Peru (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 23. Ghana (Ghana College of Physicians and 58. Philippines (Philippine College of Surgeons) Surgeons) 59. Portugal (Portuguese Society of Surgeons) 60. Qatar (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ACS Chapter 24. Greece (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) and Committee on Trauma) 61. Republic of China, Taiwan (Surgical Association 25. Grenada (Society of Surgeons of Trinidad and of the Republic of China, Taiwan) Tobago) 62. Republic of Singapore (Chapter of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine) 26. Haiti (Partnership with Region 14) 63. Slovenia (Slovenian Society of Trauma Surgeons) 64. Republic of South Africa (South African Trauma 27. Honduras (Asociacion Quirurgica de Honduras) Society) 65. Somoa (Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) 28. Hong Kong (ACS Chapter and Committee on 66. Spain (Spanish Society of Surgeons) Trauma) 67. Sri Lanka (College of Surgeons, Sri Lanka) 68. Sweden (Swedish Society of Surgeons) 29. Hungary (Hungarian Trauma Society) 30. India (Association for Trauma Care of India) 31. Indonesia (Indonesian Surgeons Association) 32. Iran (Persian Orthopedic and Trauma Association) 33. Ireland (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland) 34. Israel (Israel Surgical Society) 35. Italy (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 36. Jamaica (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 37. Jordan (Royal Medical Services/NEMSGC) 38. Kenya (Surgical Society of Kenya) 39. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 40. Kuwait (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma)
xxxvi COURSE OVERVIEW 69. Switzerland (Swiss Society of Surgeons) The ATLS course emphasizes that injury kills in 70. Syria (Center for Continuing Medical and Health certain reproducible time frames. For example, the loss of an airway kills more quickly than does loss of Education) the ability to breathe. The latter kills more quickly than 71. Taiwan (Taiwan Surgical Association) loss of circulating blood volume. The presence of an 72. Thailand (Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand) expanding intracranial mass lesion is the next most 73. Trinidad and Tobago (Society of Surgeons of lethal problem. Thus, the mnemonic ABCDE defines the specific, ordered evaluations and interventions that Trinidad and Tobago) should be followed in all injured patients: 74. United Arab Emirates (Surgical Advisory Airway with restriction of cervical spine motion Committee) Breathing 75. United Kingdom (Royal College of Surgeons of Circulation, stop the bleeding Disability or neurologic status England) Exposure (undress) and Environment 76. United States, U.S. territories (ACS Chapters and (temperature control) State Committees on Trauma) 77. Uruguay (Uruguay Society of Surgery) 78. Venezuela (ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) the concept the course The concept behind the ATLS course has remained The ATLS course emphasizes the rapid initial assessment simple. Historically, the approach to treating injured and primary treatment of injured patients, starting at the patients, as taught in medical schools, was the same time of injury and continuing through initial assessment, as that for patients with a previously undiagnosed lifesaving intervention, reevaluation, stabilization, and, medical condition: an extensive history including past when needed, transfer to a trauma center. The course medical history, a physical examination starting at consists of precourse and postcourse tests, core content, the top of the head and progressing down the body, interactive discussions, scenario-driven skill stations, the development of a differential diagnosis, and a list lectures, interactive case presentations, discussions, of adjuncts to confirm the diagnosis. Although this development of lifesaving skills, practical laboratory approach was adequate for a patient with diabetes experiences, and a final performance proficiency mellitus and many acute surgical illnesses, it did not evaluation. Upon completing the course, participants satisfy the needs of patients suffering life-threatening should feel confident in implementing the skills taught injuries. The approach required change. in the ATLS course. Three underlying concepts of the ATLS Program were the impact initially difficult to accept: 1. Treat the greatest threat to life first. ATLS training in a developing country has resulted in 2. Never allow the lack of definitive diagnosis a decrease in injury mortality. Lower per capita rates of deaths from injuries are observed in areas where to impede the application of an indicated providers have ATLS training. In one study, a small treatment. trauma team led by a doctor with ATLS experience had 3. A detailed history is not essential to begin the equivalent patient survival when compared with a larger evaluation of a patient with acute injuries. team with more doctors in an urban setting. In addition, there were more unexpected survivors than fatalities. The result was the development of the ABCDE approach to evaluating and treating injured patients. There is abundant evidence that ATLS training These concepts also align with the observation that improves the knowledge base, the psychomotor skills the care of injured patients in many circumstances is a and their use in resuscitation, and the confidence and team effort that allows medical personnel with special performance of doctors who have taken part in the skills and expertise to provide care simultaneously with program. The organization and procedural skills taught surgical leadership of the process. in the course are retained by course participants for at
xxxvii COURSE OVERVIEW least 6 years, which may be the most significant impact bibliography of all. 1. American College of Emergency Physicians. acknowledgments Clinical and Practice Management Resources. Trauma in the Obstetric Patient: A Bedside Tool. The COT of the ACS and the ATLS Subcommittee http://www.acepnow.com/article/trauma- gratefully acknowledge the following organizations obstetric-patient-bedside-tool/. Accessed April for their time and efforts in developing and field-testing 18, 2017. the Advanced Trauma Life Support concept: The Lincoln Medical Education Foundation, Southeast Nebraska 2. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Emergency Medical Services, the University of Nebraska parameter for imaging pregnant or potentially College of Medicine, and the Nebraska State Committee pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing on Trauma of the ACS. The committee also is indebted radiation. http://www.acr.org/~/media/9e2e to the Nebraska doctors who supported the development d55531fc4b4fa53ef3b6d3b25df8.pdf. Accessed of this course and to the Lincoln Area Mobile Heart April 18, 2017. Team Nurses who shared their time and ideas to help build it. Appreciation is extended to the organizations 3. American College of Surgeons Committee identified previously in this overview for their support on Trauma, American College of Emergency of the worldwide promulgation of the course. Special Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, recognition is given to the spouses, significant others, et al. Policy statement—equipment for children, and practice partners of the ATLS instructors ambulances. Pediatrics 2009; 124(1): and students. The time that providers spend away from e166–e171. their homes and practices and the effort afforded to this voluntary program are essential components of ATLS 4. American College of Surgeons, Committee on Program existence and success. Trauma, National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). http://www.facs.org/trauma/ntdb. Accessed summary May 12, 2016. The ATLS course provides an easily remembered 5. American College of Surgeons Committee approach to evaluating and treating injured patients for on Trauma, American College of Emergency any doctor, irrespective of practice specialty, even under Physicians, Pediatric Emergency Medicine the stress, anxiety, and intensity that accompanies Committee, et al. Withholding termination the resuscitation process. In addition, the program of resuscitation in pediatric out-of-hospital provides a common language for all providers who traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics care for injured patients. The ATLS course offers a 2014;133:e1104–e1116. foundation for evaluation, treatment, education, and quality assurance—in short, a system of trauma care 6. Badjatia N, Carney N, Crocco TJ. Guidelines for that is measurable, reproducible, and comprehensive. prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. Prehospital Emergency Care January/ The ATLS Program has had a positive impact on March 2004;12(Suppl 1). the care of injured patients worldwide. This effect is a result of the improved skills and knowledge of the 7. Ball CG, Jafri SM, Kirkpatrick AW, et al. doctors and other healthcare providers who have been Traumatic urethral injuries: does the digital course participants. The ATLS course establishes an rectal examination really help us? Injury 2009 organized, systematic approach for evaluation and Sep;40(9):984–986. treatment of patients, promotes minimum standards of care, and recognizes injury as a world healthcare issue. 8. Barquist E, Pizzutiello M, Tian L, et al. Effect of Morbidity and mortality have been reduced, but the trauma system maturation on mortality rates in need to eradicate injury remains. The ATLS Program patients with blunt injuries in the Finger Lakes has changed and will continue to change as advances Region of New York State. J Trauma 2000;49:63– occur in medicine and the needs and expectations of 69; discussion 9-70. our societies change. 9. Baumann Kreuziger LM, Keenan JC, Morton CT, et al. Management of the bleeding patient receiving new oral anticoagulants: a role for prothrombin complex concentrates. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:583–794. 10. Baxter CR. Volume and electrolyte changes in the early post-burn period. Clin Plast Surg 1974;4:693–709. 11. Bazzoli GJ, Madura KJ, Cooper GF, et al.. Progress in the development of trauma systems in the
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BRIEF CONTENTS Foreword v Preface vii Acknowledgments xv Course Overview xxix CHAPTER 1 Initial Assessment and Management CHAPTER 2 Airway and Ventilatory Management 2 CHAPTER 3 Shock 22 CHAPTER 4 Thoracic Trauma 42 CHAPTER 5 Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma 62 CHAPTER 6 Head Trauma 82 CHAPTER 7 Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma 102 CHAPTER 8 Musculoskeletal Trauma 128 CHAPTER 9 Thermal Injuries 148 CHAPTER 10 Pediatric Trauma 168 CHAPTER 11 Geriatric Trauma 186 CHAPTER 12 Trauma in Pregnancy and Intimate 214 Partner Violence 226 CHAPTER 13 Transfer to Definitive Care 240 APPENDICES 255 257 APPENDIX A: Ocular Trauma 265 APPENDIX B: Hypothermia and Heat Injuries APPENDIX C: Trauma Care during Mass-Casualty, 275 289 Austere, and Operational Environments APPENDIX D: Disaster Preparedness and Response 303 APPENDIX E: ATLS and Trauma Team 317 335 Resource Management 376 APPENDIX F: Triage Scenarios APPENDIX G: Skills INDEX xlv
DETAILED CONTENTS Foreword v CHAPTER 2 22 Preface vii AIRWAY AND VENTILATORY 23 Acknowledgments xv MANAGEMENT 24 Course Overview xxix 24 Objectives 26 CHAPTER 1 2 Introduction 27 Airway 36 INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND Ventilation 38 MANAGEMENT Airway Management 38 Management of Oxygenation 39 Objectives 3 Management of Ventilation 39 Teamwork Introduction 4 Chapter Summary 42 Bibliography 43 Preparation 4 44 CHAPTER 3 44 Triage 6 SHOCK 45 48 Primary Survey with 7 Objectives Simultaneous Resuscitation Introduction 51 Shock Pathophysiology 54 Adjuncts to the Primary Survey 10 Initial Patient Assessment 56 with Resuscitation Hemorrhagic Shock Initial Management of 58 Consider Need for 12 Hemorrhagic Shock Patient Transfer Blood Replacement xlvii Special Considerations Special Populations 13 Reassessing Patient Response and Avoiding Complications Secondary Survey 13 Adjuncts to the Secondary Survey 18 Reevaluation 19 Definitive Care 19 Records and Legal Considerations 19 Teamwork 19 Chapter Summary 20 Bibliography 21
xlviii DETAILED CONTENTS Teamwork 58 Anatomy Review 104 Chapter Summary 58 Physiology Review 107 Additional Resources 59 Classifications of Head Injuries 109 Bibliography 59 Evidence-Based Treatment 111 Guidelines CHAPTER 4 Primary Survey and Resuscitation 117 THORACIC TRAUMA 62 Secondary Survey 120 Objectives 63 Diagnostic Procedures 120 Introduction 64 Medical Therapies for Brain Injury 120 Primary Survey: Life-Threatening Surgical Management 122 Injuries 64 Secondary Survey 72 Prognosis 124 Teamwork 78 Brain Death 124 Chapter Summary 78 Teamwork 124 Bibliography 79 Chapter Summary 124 CHAPTER 5 Bibliography 125 ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC TRAUMA 82 CHAPTER 7 128 Objectives 83 SPINE AND SPINAL CORD TRAUMA Introduction 84 Objectives 129 Anatomy of the Abdomen 84 Introduction 130 Mechanism of Injury 85 Anatomy and Physiology 130 Assessment and Management 86 Documentation of Spinal 135 Teamwork 98 Cord Injuries 136 Chapter Summary 98 Specific Types of Spinal Injuries 139 Bibliography 99 Radiographic Evaluation 141 General Management CHAPTER 6 Teamwork 144 HEAD TRAUMA 102 Chapter Summary 144 103 Bibliography 145 Objectives 104 Introduction
xlix DETAILED CONTENTS CHAPTER 8 Cold Injury: Systemic Hypothermia 183 MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA 148 Teamwork 183 Objectives 149 Chapter Summary 183 Introduction 150 Bibliography 184 Primary Survey and Resuscitation CHAPTER 10 186 of Patients with Potentially Life- PEDIATRIC TRAUMA 187 Threatening Extremity Injuries 150 188 Objectives 188 Adjuncts to the Primary Survey 152 Introduction Types and Patterns of Injury 188 Secondary Survey 153 Unique Characteristics of Pediatric Patients Limb-Threatening Injuries 156 Other Extremity Injuries 161 Principles of Immobilization 163 Pain Control 163 Airway 190 Associated Injuries 164 Breathing 195 Occult Skeletal Injuries 165 Circulation and Shock 195 Teamwork 165 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 199 Chapter Summary 165 Chest Trauma 199 Bibliography 166 Abdominal Trauma 200 CHAPTER 9 168 Head Trauma 202 THERMAL INJURIES Spinal Cord Injury 205 Musculoskeletal Trauma 206 Objectives 169 Child Maltreatment 207 Prevention 208 Introduction 170 Teamwork 208 Chapter Summary 209 Primary Survey and Resuscitation Bibliography 209 of Patients with Burns 170 Patient Assessment 174 Secondary Survey and 176 Related Adjuncts Unique Burn Injuries 178 CHAPTER 11 214 Patient Transfer 180 GERIATRIC TRAUMA Cold Injury: Local Tissue Effects 181 Objectives 215